Fascism Essay Example

Fascism Essay Within this assignment Im going to show that Italy and Germany shared a common set of features which in turn suggests that fascism has a common set of features that are present in the political thought of almost all fascist states. Im going to do this by first looking at defining what fascism is in terms of the debate over its definition as well as its Marxist roots. The origins of fascism within both Italy and Germany will then be discussed before moving onto the main features of fascist political thought such as nationalism, totalitarianism and scape goats as well as the role of the government in the economy. I will then look at the differences between these states before concluding that there are a strong set of features of which are clearly present within the fascist states looked at which define the idea of fascism as we know it. Defined by the Oxford Dictionary as being an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization1, the word fascism was first used to describe Mussolini in Italy from around 1922.2 The word itself originates from Italian fascismo meaning a bundle or political group and although the meaning itself does not immediately lend itself to its definition as being an authoritarian and nationalistic organisation, it was soon taken to represent an ideology of which is frowned upon by all but the most right-wing activists such as those in right-wing political parties including the British National Party and Austrian Freedom Party.3 A Marx definition of fascism said Fascism in power is the open, terroristic dictatorship of the most reactionary, the most chauvinistic, the most imperialistic elements of finance capitalism4 highlighting the Marxist opposition to fascism. Many of the first fascist initiators including Mussolini, were previously Marxists which had since positioned themselves as being opposed to materialism which was seen as being a strong side of Marxist ideology.5 Although Pierre Drieu La Rochelle claimed that certain elements of a fascist atmosphere came together in France around 1913, before they did elsewhere6 it is generally accepted that the first true state of fascism occurred because of Mussolini in Italy. By 1919 Austria-Hungary has collapsed and Italys greatest enemy the Hapsburg Empire was no more7 and from 1922 the emergence of the Italian fascist party Partito Nazionale Fascista was providing the strong foundations for what was to become the worlds first truly fascist state.8 At the beginning of this fascist uprising over Italy, Mussolini was described as being an insane individualistic9 in that he his main concern whilst leading was personal power. This has initially led to concern amongst his core Fascist deputies such as Dino Grandi and Farinacci who were now concerned that Mussolini may desert them in search of greater power after having realised that he had gained almost unilateral cross party support from the Popular Party, t he Vatican and the General Confederation of Labour.10 Once Mussolini had asserted his power and once he had assigned his ministries, he started to work upon the countries populations nationalism and progression. We will write a custom essay sample on Fascism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fascism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fascism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In Germany, fascism began in a different way. Hitler learnt from Karl Leuger, an orator who had supported the Christian Social Party in Vienna, that nationalist and anti-Semitic propaganda were essential in the dismissal of the current trend of socialism.11 In 1920 Hitler encouraged the German Workers Party to change its name to the National Socialist German Workers Party (often referred to as the Nazi Party)12. With this change came the new swastika logo which later became the most recognised symbol of the holocaust. As the Great Depression took hold after the 1929 Wall Street Crash the German economy had collapsed and crisis took hold. Germans were thought to have turned to Nazism in desperation and their position in government grew rapidly. Hindenburg in 1933 took a risk and made Hitler Chancellor.13 Within both Italy and Germany are a number of ideas and features that are became enshrined in their fascist regimes. An example of this is that fascism has often been linked to totalitarianism in that both violence and terror are seen to be strong features of a fascist regime. For instance, in the case of Mein Kampf- Hitlers Struggle whilst in prison in Bavaria, Hitler stated that for the need of the people to acquire foreign territory. The plough is then the sword; and the tears of war will produce the daily bread for the generations to come14 enforcing the idea that only through war and violence by means of a sword and the acquisition of foreign territory, can the futures of generations to come be secured in the same way that to produce bread to feed the nation, one must first plant seeds and plough the ground for bread to be made. Mussolini too, had some of the core foundations of his fascist state based upon violence and terror. Mussolini was quoted as stating that, Peace is absurd: fascism does not believe in it15 which suggests that the military and war itself is given a priority over peace ideologically as well as financially and politically within the nation. This balance can be seen to be disproportionate to the government funding prioritised for other activities such as for social welfare, shown by the breakdown of communal organisations that had supported everything from those in jobs to marriage partners.16 That both Italy and Germany place a huge reliance upon both violence and terror supports our argument that there are a main set of features that belong to fascist ideology which can be identified as being fascist.

Science Breakthroughs (2002-2013) Essays

Science Breakthroughs (2002-2013) Essays Science Breakthroughs (2002-2013) Essay Science Breakthroughs (2002-2013) Essay Nueva EciJa University of Science and Technology Laboratory High School Gen. Tinio St. , Cabanatuan City Science Breakthroughs (2002-2013) Submitted to: Maam Arlene Gonzales Submitted by: Euna Rastyne T. Mejia Ill-Argon In 2002, U. S. scientists at the State University of New York at Stony Brook have created the first synthetic virus. Using directions downloaded from the Internet and chemicals obtained from a mail-order company, they built an apparently identical copy of the poliovirus. When injected into lab mice, the synthetic virus caused paralysis and then death. The scientists, who published their findings in the online journal Science Express in July 2002, said that they undertook the experiment to prove the alarming fact that a functional pathogenic virus could be constructed without access to a natural virus. Is this small step for biochemistry a great leap for bioterrorism? Scientists say that few people now have the skill to build a synthetic virus, much less one that could be an efficient bioweapon. The genome of the highly contagious smallpox virus is about 25 times as long as that of the poliovirus and has a more complex process of replication. But its synthesis may one day be possible. This being so, the experiment raises questions about the wisdom of ceasing vaccination when a natural virus has been eradicated. In 2003, the Hubble telescope has detected the oldest known planet†and it appears to have been formed billions of years earlier than astronomers thought possible. Nicknamed Methuselah after the aged biblical patriarch, the planet is an astonishing 12. 7 billion years old. In contrast, all other known planets (including our own) were created about 8 billion years later, roughly 4. 5 billion years ago. Methuselahs age is causing stronomers to reevaluate the prevalent theory of planet formation, which argues that the early universe did not contain sufficient heavy elements (e. g. , carbon, silicon, and oxygen) to allow for planets to form. But Methuselah defies this theory, having debuted when the primordial universe had only one-thirtieth of the heavy elements existing when our own solar system was born. In 2004, celebrated physicist black holes. Whats more, his error cost him a long-standing bet, obliging him to present a baseball encyclopedia to John Preskill of the California Institute of Technology. On the bright side, Hawkings black hole recantation had a rather exciting side-effect: l think, he ventured, l have solved a major problem in theoretical physics. Formed from a collapsed star, a black hole is a cosmic vacuum cleaner, whose gravitational pull is so strong that it sucks up everything in its way. In 1976, Hawking theorized that black holes emit random radiation (later named Hawking radiation) and lose mass until they eventually evaporate without a trace. All the matter sucked into a black hole, and all information about it (its quantum mechanical properties), would then be lost forever. But Hawkings theory contradicts an essential principle of quantum physics: no information can ever be truly destroyed. Black holes, if Hawking was right, defy the laws of the universe as we know it. This radical theory, according to Preskill, precipitated a genuine crisis in fundamental physics. Preskill resisted accepting what became known as the black hole information paradox, and in 1997 Hawking (along with another colleague) bet him that information swallowed by a black hole is forever hidden from the outside universe and can never be revealed, even as the black hole evaporates and ompletely disappears. Seven years later, Hawking claims to have solved the very paradox he created. According to his revised theory, black holes eventually open up, revealing information about what went into them†the information remains firmly in our universe, Hawking asserted. Preskill was pleased enough at having won the bet, but acknowledged, Ill be honest, I didnt understand the talk. Neith er did most others in the audience of the 17th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation in Dublin, leaving a stunned group of 800 scientists not sure what had hit hem. Hawkings published proof of his revolutionary findings will follow, but in the meantime, he has paid off his bet to Preskill. The bettors had agreed upon an encyclopedia, which, unlike a black hole, is something from which information can be recovered at will. In 2005, paleontologists discovered the existence of soft tissue in a 68-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus Rex fossil. An unprecedented find in a prehistoric creature†scientists had assumed no such tissue could survive more than 100,000 years†the soft tissue included cells and blood vessels. The discovery was a erendipitous one. Because this T. rex fossil was located in a remote part of Montana (the Hell Creek formation, where about two dozen species of dinosaurs have been found) the fossil had to be removed by helicopter. According to paleontologist Jack Horner, who participated in the excavation, we actually had to split the thighbone into two pieces to get it into the helicopter. When his colleague Mary Schweitzer later examined the hollow cavity of the broken bone in her North Carolina State University lab, she discovered the pliable tissue. Scientists predict the soft tissue will rovide a gold mine of information about the physiology of dinosaurs. Examination of the soft tissue has already yielded several exciting revelations. The tissue included medullary bone, a calcium-enriched substance temporarily present when birds are ready to produce eggshells and lay eggs. Not only does the presence of medullary bone reveal that this particular T. rex was female (paleontologists have never before determined the sex of a dinosaur), but the existence of medullary tissue also According to Schweitzer, it links the reproductive physiology of dinosaurs to birds very closely. It indicates that dinosaurs produced and shelled their eggs much more like modern birds than like modern crocodiles. Horner commented that this is another piece to the puzzle and there are a lot of them. Anyone who would argue that birds and dinosaurs are not related†frankly, Id put them in the Flat Earth Society group. In 2006, paleontologists revealed the discovery of a 375-million-year-old transitional species whose anatomical traits bridge the gap between fish and tetrapod (four-legged vertebrate). Nicknamed the fishapod, its formal name is Tiktaalik roseae, from the Inuit name for a large shallow-water fish. Tiktaalik Joins several other significant transitional fossils†the most famous of which is Archaeopteryx, the part-bird, part-reptile considered the missing link between birds and dinosaurs, which was discovered in 1860, Just two years after Darwin published The Origin of Species. The transformation of aquatic creatures into land animals took place during the Devonian period, about 410 to 356 million years ago. But before the discovery of the 375-million-year-old Tiktaalik fossils, there had been no actual fossil evidence to illustrate this crucial evolutionary moment. According to paleontologist Neil Shubin of the University of Chicago, We are capturing a very significant transition at a key moment of time. What is significant about the animal is that it is a fossil that blurs the distinction between two forms of life†between an animal that lives in water and an animal that lives on land. Tiktaalik resembles a huge scaly fish with a flat, crocodile snout. What amazed scientists was its pectoral fins, which contain bones forming the beginnings of a shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, and even nascent fingers. Shubin describes the fin as basically a scale-covered arm, asserting hat heres a creature that has a fin that can do push-ups. Tiktaalik could pull its own weight, dragging itself along in shallow water and onto dry land, much like a seal. Tiktaalik also distinguishes itself from a fish by the existence of a primitive neck and ribs. As Harvard University paleontologist Farish A. Jenkins explains, Out of water, these fish encountered gravitational forces very different from the relative buoyancy they enjoyed in an aquatic setting. Restructuring of the body to withstand these forces is evident in the ribs, which are plate-like and overlap like shingles, orming a rigid supporting mechanism for the trunk. And while a fish has no need of a neck†in water, its entire torso easily falls into place behind its head when changing directions†Tiktaaliks developed neck allowed it to move its head while its body, constrained by the stronger pull of gravity on land, remained stationary. According to Edward Daeschler of the Academy of Natural Sciences, the combination of these radically new anatomical features with classic fishlike traits demonstrates that evolution proceeds slowly in a mosaic pattern with some elements changing hile others stay the same. In 2007, scientists reported that they could use human skin cells to create embryonic stem cells. Stem cells have the remarkable ability to grow indefinitely, serving as a sort of repair system for the body. They can potentially divide without limit into any one of the 220 types of cells in the body to without embryonic destruction, which would eliminate the ethical controversy and limited funds for research. With ethical problems out of the way, more resources will become available for stem cell research. Generating stem cells could lead to new isease treatments by taking skin cells from a person with an illness and generating more stem cells that could be observed from the earliest stages of development. By watching a disease as it develops, scientists could potentially design drugs to not only treat it but also prevent it. With stem cells produced from a patients own skin cells, it is possible to create tissue that would not be rejected by their immune system†the same result would require cloning with embryonic stem cells. In 2008, California became the first U. S. state to ban the use of trans fats by restaurants nd food retailers. Trans fats, or hydrogenated oils, are used in processed foods to increase their shelf life. Trans fats are also linked to coronary heart disease. California has 88,000 restaurants that will be affected when this law goes into effect by 2010. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said the new law was a strong step toward creating a healthier future. Any restaurant violating the new law will incur fines from $25 to $1,000. In 2009, the Human Epigenome was decoded. The decoding of the human genome nearly a decade ago fueled expectations that an nderstanding of all human hereditary influences was within sight. But the connections between genes and, say, disease turned out to be far more complicated than imagined. What has since emerged is a new frontier in the study of genetic signaling known as epigenetics, which holds that the behavior of genes can be modified by environmental influences and that those changes can be passed down through generations. So people who smoke cigarettes in their youth, for example, sustain certain epigenetic changes, which may then increase the risk that their childrens children will reach puberty early. In October, a team led by Joseph Ecker at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif. studied human skin and stem cells to produce the first detailed map of the human epigenome. By comparing this with the epigenomes of diseased cells, scientists will be able to work out how glitches in the epigenome may lead to cancers and other diseases. The study, which was published in the journal Nature, is a giant leap in geneticists quest to better understand the strange witches brew of nature and nurture that makes us who we are. In 2010, researchers from the J. Craig Venter Ins titute reported the successful construction of first self-replicating, synthetic bacterial cell. They copied and modified an entire genome of a small bacterial cell, inserted it into a living cell of another species, and by doing so created a new, synthetic life. This is the first self-replicating species that weve had on the planet whose parent is a computer, U. S. scientist Craig Venter who led the team said. It also is the first species to have its own website encoded in its genetic code. This is the first self-replicating species that weve had on the planet whose parent is a computer, U. S. scientist Craig Venter who led the team said. It lso is the first species to have its own website encoded in its genetic code. Scientists hope to patent the organism, called Mycoplasma laboratorium and engineer it to manufacture cheap biofuels, medicines and other useful compounds. In 2011, NASAs Kepler Mission scientists, who are charged with discovering Earth-like planets in the so-called habitable zone of stars in the Milky Way, announced the Tatooine); located the first two known Ea rth-sized exoplanets; quadrupled the number of worlds known to exist beyond our solar system; and spied Kepler-22b † the most Earth-like planet weve encountered yet. And heres the really exciting bit: Kepler is Just getting warmed up. In 2012, for the first time in history, researchers at Kyoto University created a mouse by using eggs derived from stem cells alone. The achievement once again shows the remarkable possibilities presented by regenerative technologies like stem cells, while raising pressing ethical questions about the potential for human births in which parents might not be required. In 2013, the idea of taking someone elses poop and giving it a new home in your own colon may sound repulsive, but the treatment has proven emarkably effective in curing infections of C. ifficile†a nasty bacteria that kills 15,000 people each year. Take heart: The digested food waste in feces isnt itself the cure. Youre simply gaining some of the helpful bacteria living in the donors gut†like a farmer choosing the hardiest crops to seed next years fields. The bacteria produce proteins that are involved in a lot more diseases than we realized, says Roizen. Still grossed out? Researchers in Canada have developed a method to deliver Just the bacteria†no feces†via an oral pill, skipping the need for a poo enema.

Advanced HealthCare Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Advanced HealthCare Management - Essay Example the organization and they help in establishing plans through which they effectively cooperate to fulfill the aims of such organizations in the most amicable ways. In health care, teams help in implementing the plans of the institutions they serve so that they offer services that can establish them quality deliverers for the benefit of their clients. Teams that are established in different organizations have different characteristic that produce significant impact on the performance of such at the individual or organizational level (Burns, Bradley & Weiner, 2012). This implies that at to ensure that a team is to produce exemplary results that will trigger the success of the organization; the teams that exist in must have a well focused on the goals. One factor that leads to good performance of a team and consequently improves the productivity of the organization is communication among the team members that are involved in establishing it. Communication ensures that team members are in a position to exchange relevant data among themselves and lead to improvement of the quality of services they offer to clients. In health care, teams ensure that all the people are in a position to supply the information about a specific field of study which turns out to be relevant to the care they give to the people to patients. On the contrary, failure in the communication results to low performance of the team because the members lack the updated information that can be of help in implementing care (Woodcock & Francis, 2008). Another characteristic of a team that has an impact on performance is the diversity that is represented by the team members who work together because they have different backgrounds. The diversity in a team can work for the improvement of a team if they work to bring together knowledge in different fields that will ensure they diversify the perspective of looking at the care. On the other hand, diversity in the group can cause conflicts that can weigh down

Rights Social Justice and Diversity 1 & 2 Essay

Rights Social Justice and Diversity 1 & 2 - Essay Example Social justice is achieved in a system that communist policies are eradicated, and power delegated to the majority who comprises the workforce and opportunists. The opportunity provided should be fair and adopt a system that promoted unity with minimal oppression by societal leaders. Social justice is achieved in a system that upholds human rights and promotes equality with personal dignity uplifted. In a diverse demographic, social justice is highlighted by the comfort of individuals and their capability to be influenced by the available resources (Clark 2005, p1341). However, there are barriers within the society that present challenges to the presentations granted to achieve social justice in the modern society. The developments of the modern government and technology have achieved numerous progresses in developing ideas to grant the opportunities to advance the ideologies warranting fare judgement. These have been in the government’s ability to create numerous opportunities for its members to find a livelihood source. Others have been in activist’s efforts to offer fare judgement in advocating for opportunities to deserve merit in fare provisions. Through developing fair judgement that reflects the opportunities granted to the societal members in equal measure, a sustainability form is achieved that creates the balance needed. The society is held by these principles and a failure to make them meet the desired standards would lead to insecurity and dissatisfaction between the members (Miller 2008, p61). The state that presents the societal members an opportunity to experience less balance in the distribution of resources and the injustice form presented is termed social injust ice. Social injustice is the condition that leads to the prevalence of unjust societal presentations and oppression of the less fortunate. These individuals are either with minimal opportunity to complete their desires or those that have minimal

Business Environment of Zurich Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Environment of Zurich - Essay Example Likewise, their products and services are diverse and categorized according to the clientele they serve. These products and services range from motor vehicle and home insurance, life insurance, savings and investment, as well as pension and retirement planning (for individual clients); property, casualty, workers’ compensation, corporate life and pensions, financial lines, and accident and health (for small and mid-sized organizations); and finally construction, global energy, marine, motor fleet, international programs, and risk engineering (for large and multinational corporations). As Zurich operates in a vast global environment, the purpose of this case study is to provide an assessment of the business environment of Zurich. Specifically, the following questions would be addressed: (1) what is meant by the term â€Å"customer centric†? How has Zurich’s primary research helped it be even more customer focused? (2) Explain the difference between primary and sec ondary market research. How could secondary data support primary research? (3) Analyse how Zurich positioned itself in a customer focused way. (4) Evaluate to what extent help point has enable Zurich to differentiate itself in the insurance market and provide an example of similar service provided either within the same or different environment. Environment The article on Business Environment published online by the Excel College of Higher Education defines the business environment as â€Å"the influences and pressures exerted by external factors on the business† (Excel College of Higher Education, n.d.). As such there are eight constituents of the business environment composed of: demographic, economic, geographical and ecological, legal, technological, social, educational and cultural, as well as the political environment. For Zurich, as a global organization, its scope of operations include Europe (Germany, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, United Kingdom), North America (USA, Ca nada), Asia-Pacific (Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia), and other markets such as Mexico, Argentina, Chile, and Brazil (Zurich Insurance Company Ltd., 2012). Their business environment is therefore vast as it encompasses strategic locations worldwide. Further, due to the wide span of demographical and geographic scale, both opportunities and risk abound. Thus the prevailing economic, political, socio-cultural and legal factors that applies in the respective countries wherein Zurich operates influence their business activities. Their financial success really depends on the strengths and competitive advantages manifested by Zurich and the reaction, as well as response of entrenched competitors within their area of operations. Business Aspect (1) What is meant by the term â€Å"customer centric†? How has Zurich’s primary research helped it be even more customer focused? The term customer-centric means that â€Å"the customer (is placed) at the center of policy-related proc esses† (Gujral, 2007, p. 48). The meaning is more expounded by Booz Allen Hamilton (2004) who averred that customer centric organizations, like Zurich, â€Å"moved beyond lip service and re-oriented their entire operating model around the customer, increasing customer satisfaction, and their own profitability in the process† (Hamilton, 2004, p. 1). As indicated in the Zurich case study on â€Å"Providing a customer-centric service†

Concepts of Abnormal Behaviour

Concepts of Abnormal Behaviour 1.1 Normal behavior is known as behavior that is widely accepted as the prescribed norms of a particular society. For example, it is normal for an American to greet someone by shaking hands. Adhering to normal behavior satisfies individuals’ need to fit into society. The ability to behave normally also allows one to fulfill the innate need to interact with others. Abnormal behavior contrasts normal behavior in that it is unacceptable behavior which is outside of the norm of functioning behavior. Abnormal behaviors could range from minor deviations from societal norms to very severe behaviors that are considered taboo, or forbidden. There is a dilemma in defining how these concepts are defined in that behaviors which are known to be acceptable in one culture may not be tolerated in another. No single culture can determine a paradigm for normalcy within another society, since this would imply that another culture’s societal rules are incorrect. Instead, it is necessary to consider behaviors in the appropriate cultural context, as suggested in an article entitled, Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico. [1] 1.2 To effectively treat the underlying pathological disorders that cause abnormal behaviors, researchers have created paradigms that describe possible explanations for psychopathology. The Biological Paradigm of abnormal behavior states that mental disorders are the result of biological processes. For instance, research in the field of Behavior Genetics describes how genes play a significant role in individuals’ behavior. Also, irregularity in the amount of neurotransmitters released between neurons is the root of some disorders, such as Depression and Manic Disorder. Another model is the Humanistic and Existential Paradigm. It holds that people who suffer from abnormal behavior lack insight into their life issues (Davison et. al., 2003). [2] Paradigms such as the ones described above are invaluable in working with individuals who suffer from pathological behavior. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a universal diagnostic tool that categorizes models of abnormal behavior and provides clinicians with information about a client’s mental functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).[3] The DSM lists specific criteria that are required for an individual to either have features of a particular mental disorder or further, be diagnosed with one. The DSM also incorporates portions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) manual that pertain to mental disorders. The ICD is typically used by medical professionals. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) outlines categories of disorders according to the Multiaxial Assessment Model, which breaks up disorders into five axes of functioning. Axis I includes clinical disorders such as Depression, Manic Disorder and Schizophrenia. Axis II encompasses personality disorders such as Histrionic Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder. It also includes Mental Retardation. Axis III is comprised of medical disorders. Axis IV contains Psychosocial and Environmental Problems such as life problems not attributed to a clinical, personality or medical disorder. The last axis encapsulates an individual’s Global Assessment of Functioning, which is a rating system that represents a person’s overall level of mental health. The classification system for mental disorders is comprehensive in covering various areas of mental disorders and symptomology. However, most studies that have assisted researchers in gathering the information included in the DSM were performed by homogenous researchers and did not include diverse study participants. Thus, applicability of the DSM to other cultures is disputed by professionals. Details about the inapplicability of Western cultural values upon other cultures are displayed in an article titled, Mental health issues for Asian Americans, by Lin and Cheung.[4] In order to attempt to deflect this shortcoming, DSM collaborators decided to include popular disorders of other cultures within the DSM. For example, the DSM incorporates Taijin kyofusho, a Japanese disorder described in an article titled, The place of culture in psychiatric nosology: Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R.[5] Although this approach is somewhat helpful, results of a study titled, The place of culture in DSM -IV, focused on better integrating diverse populations encourages statisticians to integrate multicultural issues into diagnostic systems.[6] 1.3 One of the greatest struggles a mental health professional faces in diagnosing a client is differentiating which disorder a client may potentially have. Spitzer portrays this difficulty through research titled, The DSM-III-R field trial of disruptive behavior disorders.[7] The difficulty lies in categorizing symptoms into only one disorder. For example, â€Å"sleep disturbance† is both a symptom of depression and anxiety. Although there are notable difficulties in diagnosing a client, differentiation is an important component of diagnosis, and eventually in administrating the appropriate treatment. If a client is misdiagnosed due to lack of scrutiny during the assessment and diagnosis period, the results could be detrimental. 2.1 Mental illness is a complex subject with various facets. However, there is a major similarity in the mode of treatment options allowed to people suffering from mental illness. In many cases a person’s quality of life can be sustained by managing the illness through therapeutic means and possibly psychotropic medication. Regrettably, however, there are a percentage of people who may not receive the full benefits of treatment. An examination of the differences within mental illness is required in order to grasp a better understanding of why this is so. Mental illness is divided into two major categories: neuroses and psychoses. Neuroses represent those mental illnesses that cause a person distress; however, there is opportunity to remedy the source of distress based on a person’s level of insight into the illness. Mood, anxiety, attachment, eating, and personality disorders are some of the illnesses encapsulated under the category of neuroses. Psychoses are similar to neuroses in that they also cause a level of distress that hampers daily functioning. Conversely, however, psychoses also encompass disorders that include delusional and hallucinatory features. In result, a person suffering from a psychosis lacks the insight to understand that these psychotic features are of a pathological nature (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Disorders under the neuroses category include schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and psychotic disorder. While treatment options for neurotic disorders are vast and prognosis for long-term ment al health possible, the outlook for treatment and prognosis of psychotic disorders is not optimistic in many cases, as suggested in the article, Recovery from mental illness.[8] 2.2 Several types of psychopathological disorders have been identified over time. These disorders are now categorized in the DSM according to what areas of functioning are affected and symptomology. For instance, one category includes mood disorders. Bipolar Disorder, Anxiety Disorder and Depression are found under this heading because all of them affect mood. A second category, eating disorders, includes anorexia and bulimia. Psychotic Disorders are most severe and include disorders such as Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorder. Schizophrenia is one of the most studied psychotic disorders and deserves further explanation. Based on the DSM, criteria for diagnosing a person with the disorder are that it last for at least six months and contain at least one month of active-phase symptoms. These symptoms include one or more of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms (such as affective flattening). Other symptomology that is common with Schizophrenia is severe social and occupational dysfunction, which incapacitates important daily living skills. Additionally, there are three subtypes that more clearly identify which symptoms are most prominent within individual sufferers: Paranoid Schizophrenia causes the sufferer to experience delusions and hallucinations in a paranoid state. In result, the person may accuse another entity or person of wanting to harm the sufferer. Disorganized Schizophrenia is diagnosed when a client is ha ving difficulty expressing himself properly. Both thought and speech may be disorganized and incomprehensible. A person with Catatonic Type Schizophrenia displays very little facial expressions, body movements or other normal physical movements and speech. Every client’s symptoms and any applicable subtype may vary. This variation within the disorder makes diagnosis and treatment a difficult task. 3.1 Based on the severity of symptomology, the forecast for effective treatment is not hopeful. However, some treatment options are available. One approach is called Psychosocial Rehabilitation, and is a popular form of treatment for sufferers of schizophrenia, as described in the study, Psychosocial rehabilitation services in community support systems.[9] This model consists of reintroducing clients to basic living skills in order to function in society and in effect, avoid being institutionalized, as stated in the study, Psychiatric and social reasons for frequent rehospitalization.[10] Additionally, the Humanistic Theory is utilized often with this population due to its introspective nature. Theorists who utilize this modality attempt to teach the client to become increasingly self-aware and gain insight into their behaviors and illness. The irony in using this approach is that it is precisely the type of treatment the client needs but has most difficulty applying. Medication is also used as a mode of treatment, mainly to decrease psychotic symptoms. In The Texas medication algorithm project, a study by Chiles et. al, the researchers created an algorithm for administering medication to patients with Schizophrenia.[11] The article details the type of psychotropic medication that should be used, including a â€Å"decision tree† model for administration. The article also details various types of medication used with patients with Schizophrenia. Medication such as Risperidone and haloperidol is mainly used for psychotic symptoms while __________ is used for symptoms related to depressive symptoms as a result of the schizophrenia. 3.2 The types of therapy outlined above can be relatively effective for clients with schizophrenia based on extensive research and application. However, some important factors regarding the implications of therapies and treatment should be considered, particularly due to the nature of the client’s symptoms. Most importantly, it is crucial that there be a positive client-therapist match. The therapist should have the ability to build rapport with the client, be knowledgeable about Schizophrenia, and remain professional in spite of irrational thoughts and processes displayed by the client. Moreover, the therapist should be invested in the client long-term, due to the nature of this type of therapy. There is no timeline for resolution of the client’s problem in the case of Schizophrenia, but rather maintenance of well-being and management of symptoms. This tedious therapeutic process could become increasingly frustrating. However, the onus is upon the therapist to handle this frustration with a sense of beneficence, thereby, remaining emotionally available and dedicated to the client. Once a trusting relationship is established, it is important for the therapist to consider what therapies will realistically be effective. Many modalities can be used, such as group, family and individual therapy; support groups; and various others. However, great importance must be placed on the individual client’s needs. As stated earlier, people who suffer from schizophrenia have very little insight into their behaviors and symptoms. It is important to address the client’s current stressors in a practical and resourceful manner. For instance, if a therapist is dealing with someone who suffers from paranoid schizophrenia, a group setting may be difficult for this client. In many cases, medication is also applied as a treatment approach, although carefully. Though many of the recommended medication that exists for schizophrenia seems to work quite effectively, there are long-term side effects. Because schizophrenia is a life long disorder, medication may only make matters worse by igniting damaging side effects. Additionaly, it is important to know whether clients can accurately assess whether a certain medication is helping or hurting. At times, they may not be able to determine this objectively. Professionals have the responsibility of advocating for their clients so that clients are not misled or disadvantaged. Also, both clinicians and psychiatrists must collaborate closely due to for client’s need for both medication and long term therapy. As several studies show, any of the two given alone would not be as effective (Chiles, 1999). Ultimately, professionals must make decisions that are most beneficial for the client. There is opportunity for this population to be taken advantage of quite easily due to their lack of understanding about their circumstances. Unfortunately, sometimes therapists decide not to terminate therapy even though they believe the client has learned appropriate life skills and does not need therapy at the time. Psychiatrists can prescribe medication to a client only because they are promoting a certain type at the time, although the medication might not be the most compatible. Due to disheartening situations such as these, it is important for professionals who are dedicated to the field to work beneficently for the client while considering the most practical and ethical modalities of treatment (Davison, 2003). Bibliography American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Anthony WA. (1993). Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health system in the 1990s. Innovations and Research 2(3):17-24. Chiles, J, Miller, A., Crismon, M., Rush, A., Krasnoff, A., and Shon,S. (1999). The Texas Medication Algorithm Project: Development and Implementation of the Schizophrenia Algorithm. Psychiatric Services, 50:69-74. Davison, G; Neale, J., Kring, A. (2003). Abnormal Psychology with Cases, 9th Edition. California: John Wiley Sons, Inc. DeSisto MJ, Harding CM, McCormack RV, et al. (1995). The Maine and Vermont three-decade studies of serious mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 167:331-342. Harding CM, Zahniser JH. (1994). Empirical correction of seven myths about schizophrenia with implications for treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 90:140-146. Kent S, Yellowlees PM. (1994). Psychiatric and social reasons for frequent rehospitalization. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45:347-350. Kirmayer L.J. (1991). The place of culture in psychiatric nosology: Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders. 179(1):19-28. Lin, K., Cheung, F. (1999). Mental health issues for Asian Americans. Psychiatric Services 50:774-780. Mezzich JE, Kirmayer LJ, Kleinman A, Fabrega H Jr, Parron DL, Good BJ, Lin KM, Manson SM. (1999). The place of culture in DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 187(8):457-64. Rogler LH. (1996). Framing research on culture in psychiatric diagnosis: the case of the DSM-IV. Psychiatry, 59(2):145-55. Roshel Lenroot, M.D., Juan R. Bustillo, M.D., John Lauriello, M.D. and Samuel J. Keith. (2003). Integration of Care: Integrated Treatment of Schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 54:1499-1507. Slone LB, Norris FH, Murphy AD, Baker CK, Perilla JL, Diaz D, Rodriguez FG, de Jesus Gutierrez Rodriguez J. (2006). Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. Spitzer RL, Davies M, Barkley RA. (1990). The DSM-III-R field trial of disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5); 690-7. Thakker J, Ward T. (1998). Culture and classification: the cross-cultural application of the DSM-IV. Clinical Psychology Review, 18(5):501-29. Footnotes [1] Slone LB, Norris FH, Murphy AD, Baker CK, Perilla JL, Diaz D, Rodriguez FG, de Jesus Gutierrez Rodriguez J. (2006). Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. [2] Davison, G; Neale, J., Kring, A. (2003). Abnormal Psychology With Cases, 9th Edition. California: John Wiley Sons, Inc. [3] American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. [4] Lin, K., Cheung, F. (1999). Mental health issues for Asian Americans. Psychiatric Services 50:774-780. [5] Kirmayer L.J. (1991). The place of culture in psychiatric nosology: Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders. 179(1):19-28. [6] Mezzich JE, Kirmayer LJ, Kleinman A, Fabrega H Jr, Parron DL, Good BJ, Lin KM, Manson SM. (1999). The place of culture in DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 187(8):457-64. [7] Spitzer RL, Davies M, Barkley RA. (1990). The DSM-III-R field trial of disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5); 690-7. [8] Anthony, W. (1993). Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health system in the 1990s. Innovations and Research 2(3):17-24. [9] Barton, R. (1999). Psychosocial rehabilitation services in community support systems: a review of outcomes and policy recommendations. Psychiatric Services, 50:525-534. [10] Kent S, Yellowlees PM. (1994). Psychiatric and social reasons for frequent rehospitalization. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45:347-350. [11] Chiles, J, Miller, A., Crismon, M., Rush, A., Krasnoff, A., and Shon,S. (1999). The Texas Medication Algorithm Project: Development and Implementation of the Schizophrenia Algorithm. Psychiatric Services, 50:69-74.

Inspiration of Arundhati Roy to an Activist Essays -- Activism Music

November 2nd, 2004 was a difficult evening for me. Having helped stage protests against the invasion of Iraq, having urged friends to support the HRC and the struggle for gay marriage, it was difficult to watch the election returns come in, making it seem as though all I had done had been futile. One of the things that got me through was Arundhati Roy’s CD, Come September, which I’d left in my car’s CD player. Driving home from the grocery store I heard her read an excerpt of her article, â€Å"The End of Imagination,† in which she offers a skeptical friend another way of dreaming: The only dream worth having, I told her, is to dream that you will live while you’re alive and die only when you’re dead. â€Å"Which means exactly what?† she asked, a little annoyed. I tried to explain, but didn’t do a very good job of it. Sometimes I need to write to think. So I wrote it down for her on a paper napkin. This is what I wrote: To love. To be loved. To never forget your own insignificance. To never get used to the unspeakable violence and vulgar disparity of life around you. To seek joy in the saddest places. To pursue beauty to its lair. To never simplify what is complicated or complicate what is simple. To respect strength, never power. Above all, to watch. To try and understand. To never look away. And never, never to forget.1 When I think about it, the words are rather trite, easily imaginable within a pop song or a greeting card. These words, however, were being spoken by Arundhati Roy, and in the car I, like many others who have drawn inspiration from her words, from Howard Zinn, to Judith Butler, to Ani DiFranco, felt a little more able to go back in my house, unpack my groceries, and face the next four years. T... ...d from the CD version of â€Å"Come September.† 9 When I first wrote this paper, I wrote it as a presentation. I took this quote off of an article found on Lexis Nexis and did not mark down the information. I have since been unable to find my print out or log on to Lexis Nexis, as it has to be through a university computer. A final version of this paper will include the citation. Sorry, folks. 10 Taken from Singh’s interview, available online at http://www.narmada.org/archive/tehelka/eh100200arundhati1.htm. Seen Works Cited for complete citation. 11 Taken from Bunting’s article, available online at http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0307-01.htm. See Works Cited for complete citation. 12 Taken from the interview with Howard Zinn following â€Å"Come September.† See first footnote. 13 Taken from the interview following â€Å"Come September.† Please see first footnote. Inspiration of Arundhati Roy to an Activist Essays -- Activism Music November 2nd, 2004 was a difficult evening for me. Having helped stage protests against the invasion of Iraq, having urged friends to support the HRC and the struggle for gay marriage, it was difficult to watch the election returns come in, making it seem as though all I had done had been futile. One of the things that got me through was Arundhati Roy’s CD, Come September, which I’d left in my car’s CD player. Driving home from the grocery store I heard her read an excerpt of her article, â€Å"The End of Imagination,† in which she offers a skeptical friend another way of dreaming: The only dream worth having, I told her, is to dream that you will live while you’re alive and die only when you’re dead. â€Å"Which means exactly what?† she asked, a little annoyed. I tried to explain, but didn’t do a very good job of it. Sometimes I need to write to think. So I wrote it down for her on a paper napkin. This is what I wrote: To love. To be loved. To never forget your own insignificance. To never get used to the unspeakable violence and vulgar disparity of life around you. To seek joy in the saddest places. To pursue beauty to its lair. To never simplify what is complicated or complicate what is simple. To respect strength, never power. Above all, to watch. To try and understand. To never look away. And never, never to forget.1 When I think about it, the words are rather trite, easily imaginable within a pop song or a greeting card. These words, however, were being spoken by Arundhati Roy, and in the car I, like many others who have drawn inspiration from her words, from Howard Zinn, to Judith Butler, to Ani DiFranco, felt a little more able to go back in my house, unpack my groceries, and face the next four years. T... ...d from the CD version of â€Å"Come September.† 9 When I first wrote this paper, I wrote it as a presentation. I took this quote off of an article found on Lexis Nexis and did not mark down the information. I have since been unable to find my print out or log on to Lexis Nexis, as it has to be through a university computer. A final version of this paper will include the citation. Sorry, folks. 10 Taken from Singh’s interview, available online at http://www.narmada.org/archive/tehelka/eh100200arundhati1.htm. Seen Works Cited for complete citation. 11 Taken from Bunting’s article, available online at http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0307-01.htm. See Works Cited for complete citation. 12 Taken from the interview with Howard Zinn following â€Å"Come September.† See first footnote. 13 Taken from the interview following â€Å"Come September.† Please see first footnote.

Isadora Duncan And Modern Dance Drama Essay

During 20th century, there was a new dance signifier that was looking in American, which was modern dance. It was to hold a important influence on the dance instruction. Modern dance has broken the regulation of classical concert dance. â€Å" The subject of modern dance plants might embrace Greek mythology ; Ancient or modern poesy or other literary plants ; American folklore and legendry ; major societal issues ; interpersonal relationships approached psychoanalytically ; historical events ; or, merely, abstract and lyrical plants that had no subject or narrative line. † ( Kraus, Richard. Page, 114 ) â€Å" Modern dance get downing with Isadora Duncan, † ( Kraus, Richard. Page, 112 ) â€Å" she believed that dance should come from and be an look of the spirit, inspired by nature ; anything else was stilted and unreal. † ( Brown, Jean Morrison. Page, 7 ) Isadora Duncan was born in San Francisco, California in 1876. ( Foster, Susan Leigh. Page, 116 ) Her household was artistic, her female parent taught music, and immature Isadora studied concert dance. ( Kraus, Richard. Page, 116 ) Harmonizing to Richard Kraus, Isadora began to give dance lessons at an early age. â€Å" At the age of 18, she left for Chicago ; Huang 2 so she gave concerts in New York at the Carnegie Hall in Greek vases and statuary. † ( Kraus, Richard. Page, 117 ) However, she shortly broke off from the authoritative dance signifier, which did non accommodate her spirit. ( Kraus, Richard. Page, 116 ) â€Å" Isadora Duncan proclaimed a new epoch of dance beginning in 1903. † ( Foster, Susan Leigh. Page, 145 ) Her first visual aspect in Russia, in 1905, stimulated a contention between the traditional balletomanes and critics and those who proposed reform of the concert dance. ( Kraus, Richard. Page, 117 ) â€Å" Duncan ‘s choreographic vision did non depend every bit much on an apprehension of Grecian civilization or mythology as on her construct of the Greeks ‘ thoughts about the psyche and the organic structure. † ( Forster, Susan Leigh. Page, 145 ) She danced barefoot in simple, Grecian adventitias and scarves, and threw away the terpsichorean ‘s costume, such as girdles, Tutu, and concert da nce slippers at that period. Therefore, her public presentation was non in the sense of word picture and told a narrative. At that clip, people took the Grecian thought of flawlessness of organic structure line, the gesture of classical concert dance was limited and stiffly, such as pess turn out and weaponries keeping place, commanding legs and bends in the air, or dancing on the pointes. â€Å" Duncan reproached the classical danseuse with a false consciousness of the mechanical beginning of motion that concert dance was non merely incorrect about the organic structure, it was unsyntactical, noncumulative, each action was an terminal, and no motion, pose or beat was consecutive or could be made to germinate wining action. † ( Kracauer, Siegfried. Page, 7 ) â€Å" In nil does Nature propose leaps and interruptions, there is between all the conditions of life a continuity or flow which the terpsichorean must esteem Huang 3 in his art, or else go a mannequin-outside nature and without true beauty † ( Brown, Jean Morrison. Page, 8 ) On the other manner, Isadora Duncan ‘s motion found in nature, such simple action could act upon her imaginativeness to created stairss. For illustration, she said: â€Å" I was born by the sea, my first thought of motion of the dance, surely came from the beat of the moving ridges. † ( Brown, Jean Morrison. Page, 8 ) The bulk of her image shows, her dance motions were expressions like quit simple and without superb dance technique, the weaponries were free flowing and extended, the gesture was freedom and no limited place. â€Å" It was more a harmonious malleability, singing, rocking, fluxing beats, with no pronounced disagreements, no small vibratory motions. † ( Constance, Garcia Barrio, Page, 19-22 ) Furthermore, Duncan ‘s personal life was about attack to her dance choreograph. Claiming she did non believe in matrimony or monogamousness. Duncan brought her women's rightist consciousness to the dance phase and introduced the soloist public presentation to dance audiences. For illustration her solo, â€Å" Mother † , â€Å" illustrates how the drama of graven image and fetish becomes activated in the service of an essentialized female function. † ( Franko, Mark. Page, 10 ) â€Å" Her attempts to reform the constricted motions of adult females ‘s organic structures in day-to-day life and in theatrical self-display had intending both externally for societal life and internally for dance history. † ( Franko, Mark. Page, 2 ) â€Å" She transferred the thought of a psyche in physical signifier to the syllogism: female organic structure equal to nature, nature equal to dance, hence: female organic structure equal to dance. † Huang 4 ( Franko, Mark. Page, 1 0 ) â€Å" Duncan ‘s dance presented adult female as stopping point to nature, emotion, and the unconscious piece besides enshrining nature in the solar rete. † ( Franko, Mark. Page, 10 ) In my sentiment, between concert dance and modern dance, except gestures and motions different, there was another difference, which was public presentation phase. â€Å" Palais Royal developed mode of the new Italian theatre ; it had an elevated phase on which the action took topographic point at one terminal of the hall beneath a apron arch during 16 century. † ( Kraus, Richard. Page, 74 ) We can clearly see that concert dance stairss about confronting frontal since 16 century. This was easy for terpsichorean merely concentrate on one way of audience, instead than on three sides of audience. That was why the terpsichorean ‘s pess and leg became more and more bend out, alternatively of consecutive forward. Therefore, the performing artist separated from the audiences. On the contrast, the phase of modern dance could put something, sometimes the performing artist had synergistic with audiences, audience could travel on the phase, and saw the performing artist from difference way. Possibly the terpsichorean of modern dance does non care their dorsum or rotter facing to the audiences. â€Å" Duncan on phase was notably austere ; St. Denis frequently created deluxe sets with sculptures and scenic backgrounds to imitate alien venues like Egypt or India. ( Foster, Susan Leigh. Page 148 ) In decision, Isadora is known as the female parent ofA † modern dance, † non merely she found a new signifier of dance, but she besides brought a new thought to dance motions. Her choreograph was showing an interior feeling about life and without subject, and Huang 5 supply an limitless imaginativeness infinite that terpsichoreans could happen our ain manner and interpret our ain feeling and character to dance motion. Huang 6

Eukaryotics Cells Essay Example

Eukaryotics Cells Essay Example Eukaryotics Cells Essay Eukaryotics Cells Essay Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus. This feature gives them their name, (also spelled eucaryote,) which comes from the Greek word referring to the nucleus. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes. Microorganisms and all other living organisms are classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are distinguished on the basis of their cellular characteristics. For example, rokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other memorane-bound structures known as organelles, while eukaryotic cells have both a nucleus and organelles (Figure ). The important cellular features of (a) a prokaryotic cell (a bacterium) and (b) a eukaryotic cell. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are similar in several ways. Both types of cells are enclosed by cell membranes (plasma membranes), and both use DNA for their genetic information. Prokaryotes include several kinds of microorganisms, such as bacteria and cyanobacteria. Eukaryotes include such microorganisms as fungi, protozoa, and simple algae. Viruses are considered neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes because they lack the characteristics of living things, except the ability to replicate (which they accomplish only in living cells). Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. They also contain a variety of cellular bodies called organelles. The organelles function in the activities of the cell and are compartments for localizing metabolic function. Microscopic protozoa, unicellular algae, and fungi have eukaryotic cells. Basic structure The basic eukaryotic cell contains the following: . lasma membrane 2. glycocalyx (components external to the plasma membrane) 3. cytoplasm (semifluid) 4. cytoskeleton microfilaments and microtubules that suspend organelles, give shape, and allow motion 5. presence of characteristic membrane enclosed subcellular organelles Characteristic biomembranes and organelles Plasma Membrane A lipid/protein/carbohydrate complex, providing a barrier and containing tran sport and signaling systems. Nucleus Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and the nucleolus. Pores allow specific communication with the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is a site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome. Mitochondria Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds called cristae. Functions in energy production through metabolism. Contains its own DNA, and is believed to have originated as a captured bacterium. Chloroplasts (plastids) Surrounded by a double membrane, containing stacked thylakoid membranes. Responsible for photosynthesis, the trapping of light energy for the synthesis of sugars. Contains DNA, and like mitochondria is believed to have originated as a captured bacterium. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. Covered with ribosomes (causing the rough appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or localization in membranes. Ribosomes Protein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids. Also contains enzymes for detoxifying chemicals including drugs and pesticides. Golgi apparatus A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles (small membrane surrounded bags) carry materials from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are processed to a mature form. Vesicles then carry newly formed membrane and secreted proteins to their final destinations including secretion or membrane localization. Lysosymes A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell, and also helps degrade materials ingested by the cell. Vacuoles Membrane surrounded bags that contain water and storage materials in plants. Peroxisomes or Microbodies Produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound that can be produced during metabolism. Cell wall Plants have a rigid cell wall in addition to their cell membranes. Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells The difference between the structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so great that it is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. The most fundamental difference is that eukaryotes do have true nuclei containing their DNA, whereas the genetic material in prokaryotes is not membrane-bound. In eukaryotes, the mitochondria and chloroplasts perform various metabolic processes and are believed to have been derived from endosymbiotic bacteria. In prokaryotes similar processes occur across the cell membrane; endosymbionts are extremely rare. The cell walls of prokaryotes are generally formed of a different molecule (peptidoglycan) to those of eukaryotes (many eukaryotes do not have a cell wall at all). Prokaryotes are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in that they contain only a single loop of stable chromosomal DNA tored in an area named the nucleoid, while eukaryote DNA is found on tightly bound and organised chromosomes. Although some eukaryotes have satellite DNA structures called plasmids, these are generally regarded as a prokaryote feature and many important genes in prokaryotes are stored on plasmids. Prokaryotes have a larger surface area to volume ratio giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate and consequently a shorter generation time compared to Eukaryotes. Genes Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in the structure, packing, density, and rrangement of their genes on the chromosome. Prokaryotes have incredibly compact genomes compared to eukaryotes, mostly because prokaryote genes lack introns and large non-coding regions between each gene. Whereas nearly 95% of the human genome does not code for proteins or RNA or includes a gene promoter, nearly all of the prokaryote genome codes or controls something. Prokaryote genes are also expressed in groups, known as operons, instead of individually, as in eukaryotes. In a prokaryote cell, all genes in an operon(three in the case of the amous lac operon) are transcribed on the same piece of RNA and then made into separate proteins, whereas if these genes were native to eukaryotes, they each would have their own promoter and be transcribed on their own strand of mRNA. This lesser degree of control over gene expression contributes to the simplicity of the prokaryotes as compared to the eukaryotes. The common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are: 1 . DNA, the genetic material contained in one or more chromosomes and located in a nonmembrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a membrane-bound ucleus in eukaryotes 2. Plasma membrane, a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that separates the cell from the surrounding environment and functions as a selective barrier for the import and export of materials 3. Cytoplasm, the rest of the material of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleoid region or nucleus, that consists of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the organelles and other particulates suspended in it 4. Ribosomes, the organelles on which protein synthesis takes place Comparison chart Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell Present Absent Number of chromosomes More than one Onebut not true chromosome: Plasmids cell Type Usually multicellular Usually unicellular (some cyanobacteria may be multicellular) True Membrane bound Example Animals and Plants Bacteria and Archaea Genetic Recombination Meiosis and fusion of gametes Partial, undirectional transfers DNA Lysosomes and peroxisomes Microtubules Absent or rare Endoplasmic reticulum Cytoskeleton May be absent DNA wrapping on proteins. Eukaryotes wrap their DNA around proteins called histones. Multiple proteins act together to fold and condense prokaryotic DNA. Folded DNA is hen organized into a variety of conformations that are supercoiled and wound around tetramers of the HU protein. Ribosomes larger smaller Vesicles Chloroplasts Present (in plants) Absent; chlorophyll scattered in the cytoplasm Flagella Microscopic in size; membrane bound; usually arranged as nine doublets surrounding two singlets Submicroscopic in size, composed of only one fiber Permeability of Nuclear Membrane Selective not present Plasma membrane with steroid Yes Usually no Only in plant cells and fungi (chemically simpler) Usually chemically complexed Cell size 10-100urn 1-1 Oum

Last Mohicans Essay Example

Last Mohicans Essay Example Last Mohicans Essay Last Mohicans Essay Essay Topic: Last Of the Mohicans The Heart Goes Last Plus scenes from the movie didnt match up properly with what Cooper had written. In the beginning of the novel the character David Gamut is introduced. He was a wandering young man in the forest who loved poetry. David was attempting to carry Christianity to the frontier through the power of his song. He was totally out of place in the wilderness, plus he was a subject of Hawkers mockery. He eventually became close with Hawker and helped him throughout their Journey. But for some reason he was of no relevance in the movie. David Gamut is a ghost to Michael Duns movie, he simply doesnt exist. Plus in the movie the eldest daughter Cord Munroe was castes and portrayed far differently than what Cooper had described. Cooper described his character Cord Munroe as an interracial child with an African American background. That is why they referred to her as the dark one. But in the movie she was played by an actress who was Caucasian, and the only thing that was dark about her was her hair. Cooper also made Corals love interest Uncaps, who is the full blood Monica son of Chicagoan. But the relationship ended tragically and there would have been no way possible for t to occur. Due to Cord and Uncaps being both of different nationalities. In Michael Duns movie Cord and Uncaps relationship didnt exist. The character Cord was played by the Caucasian actress Madeline Stows. She ended up falling in love with the storys hero Hawker. Both characters got to be together in the end of the movie. This is dramatically different than what Cooper had in his novel. Both Hawker and Cord could be together in Duns movie because it created no controversy over race. On another note, the movie showed that the younger sister Alice Munroe was in love tit Uncaps. When Magma was given Alice in the end of the movie to bare children with it sends Uncaps into a rage. As he tried to rescue Alice he was killed by Magma and thrown off the cliffs. Alice then commits suicide by slowly falling back off the mountain after her deceased love Uncaps. In comparison the novel and movie are wildly different. Characters in the movie are entirely different than what Cooper had created. They also are engaging in complete opposite roles. Important details in the novel made the story truer to its time. I suppose changing those important aspects of he novel made the movie more interesting, more action packed and to the point. Leave the storyline with a somewhat happy ending. In Coopers novel Hawkers relationship with the Musicians isnt as friendly as it is in the movie. In the movie when Hawker and the Musicians are introduced they act as if one another is family. Hawker refers to Chicagoan as his father and Uncaps his brother. Chicagoan Hawker and his adoptive family are close friends with Englishmen in the colony. They actually go to a gentlemans cabin that night and have dinner with this British colony family. Everyone interacts with one another very closely. Even the natives are eating dinner at the table and playing with the Englishmen son. In the novel Hawker doesnt share that same type of relationship with the Musicians, also continuously talks about how he is not of Indian blood. In the book he even states l am not a prejudiced man, nor one who vaunts himself on his natural privileges, though the worst enemy I have on earth, and he is an Iroquois, adrenal deny that I am genuine white . Hawkers adoptive background breeds both productive alliances and disturbingly racist convictions. He shows how the history and cultures of the people of the frontier influence one another. Regardless of the divide that the English, French etc want to create, everyone is going to somewhat intermix. But Hawker has a confliction wanting to state that he is white and has much more privileges than his friend. Yet he feels more comfortable in the wilderness with the native people. Hawker demonstrates that hes almost obsessed with proving hes not a native. Throughout Coopers novel he constantly brings up his white background to prove it. Scenes throughout Michaels Duns movie are so completely efferent than Coopers novel. In the beginning of the movie Hawker is hunting in the woods with the Musicians. Hawker shoots the deer with his long rifle with no worries at all. However, in Coopers story the Musicians keep Hawker from shooting the deer. They feared he would give up their location to their enemies so Uncaps kills the animal with a bow and arrow and finishes it off with a knife. Another part of Duns 1997 movie was definitely portrayed much different Coopers novel. Uncaps went to the tribal grounds of Magma to rescue Cord and the others. Demanded ends p letting Uncaps and Hawker go, but Magma takes Cord. Uncaps is so enraged he goes back to rescue Cord. When a native of Magma tribe gets impatient he stabs Cord in the heart. Uncaps and Magma battle it out but Magma slips off of the side of the mountain. As he slips Magma grasp hold of some trees and holds on for his life. But Hawker shoots him, and he falls back into his ultimate death. I truly believe both pieces of work were brilliant and beautiful. Yet it was difficult to understand Coopers novel, and was very lengthy. He emphasized a lot on the battles and showed the influences that all the people in the colony had on one another. But Dunn brought a lot of interesting elements to The Last Monica story. The battles were very realistic and thrilling. He showed that although the people in the colonies had issues there were some bonds and strong relationships among the different races. I personally would had never watched or read the book by choice myself. But I am glad I got to read, and watch two exceptional pieces of work. Although Dunn didnt tell the same story as Cooper, it was a very well made movie.

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Personal Statement Example I will be the first to admit that I was not always interested in a career in music. As a child, my activities leaned more towards the child like interests such as roller skating. As a teenager, I loved to take long drives in the countryside with my friends on weekends. But because my mother enrolled me piano lessons as a child, I had no choice but to follow her orders. As I progressed with my piano studies though, I discovered that I was slowly coming to love the art of music, hence the reason why I chose Music as my college major. As an international student, the biggest challenge I have faced would have to be my communication abilities .I am at a disadvantage because I am not a native English speaker. Since we have a number of Chinese students enrolled in my current school, I have come to understand the difficulties of learning a language far removed from ones own. Since translators are not always available and translations do not always work in conveying the original thoughts and emotions of a person. So I am working hard on improving my English skills in order to ensure that that I can overcome this problem that I am facing. As I previously mentioned, there are a number of Chinese students currently enrolled in my school. Being foreign students, they have a great difficulty in communicating with the others in our class and expressing themselves in oral reports. Such experiences send them into isolation because they feel intimidated by our classmates. I have gone out of my way to make friends with the foreign students and help them overcome their language barrier with the others in our class because I know that the time will come when I will be needing the same help from others. So I am paying it forward for now. My goal in life is to complete my college studies in Music and then go on to further training at internationally renowned musical institutions where I can catch the eye or ear of notable names in the music

Context aware Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Context aware - Essay Example to Chian(2009)â€Å"When designing context aware tools, especially for mobile computing technologies it is crucial to recognize the reciprocal relationship between context and activities†. However three features of context awareness can be jotted down here: c) As per Cisco (2012) â€Å"By providing the location of rogue access points and devices, the system simplifies and enhances detection. This helps in improving the overall security of the enterprise network†. d) Storage Layer: The context data generated in this layer can be used to identify the application services. All historical data is storage in database. According to Gay (2009) â€Å"The storage layer stores not only the context data of the current status but also the historical context data in the context-aware system†. c) Context Storage: this component aims to storages the historical data of the system in a database. As per Shiffrin, (2005) â€Å"Operations that increase the strength with which item information is stored on a given study trial also increase the storage of context information on that study